U-21

Clive Cussler, founder of the National Underwater & Marine Agency, relates the history of the U21, the most famous of all the U boats Germany launched at the Allies in what came to be known as World War I.

Commanded by Captain Otto Hersing throughout the entire war, U21 was part of the third Half Flotilla (2nd Flotilla) stationed in Heligoland at the outbreak of war in August, 1914. The U-boats were stationed there in anticipation of an Allied naval drive into the Heligoland Bight, which failed to materialize.

U21's first war patrol began on 8th August and was designed to intercept Royal Navy warships escorting troop convoys to France, it was curtailed after U21 was forced back to base by adverse weather conditions. A second unsuccessful repeat of this patrol lasted from 15th to 19th August, this time no targets presenting themselves for U21.

It was during the boat's third patrol while patrolling North of St. Abbs Head in search of Royal Navy targets that Hersing stumbled across HMS Pathfinder patrolling the Scottish North Sea Coast. A single bow torpedo fired at a range of 1600 yards pierced the cruiser's flank, puncturing and igniting a boiler. This in turn sprayed red-hot shrapnel through the bulkhead into the ship's magazine. The resultant explosion sank HMS Pathfinder* within four minutes, only 11 of her crew surviving. This was the second ship ever sunk by a submarine, and the first in which the attacking submarine successfully escaped. (*Clive Cussler and NUMA also discovered the HMS Pathfinder in 1984.)

On 5 June 1915 U21 was transferred to the Mediterranean to be based at Constantinople as part of the U-Mittelmeer Division eventually alongside four UB boats and three UC minelayers (transferred overland by rail). In doing so U21 became the first U-boat to ever penetrate the Mediterranean and also the first submarine to refuel at sea near Spain. Although spotted by aircraft near Gibraltar during his transit of the narrow Straits, Hersing made landfall on 13 May at Cattanro, before making repairs and completing his journey towards Gallipoli.

Hersing made his presence felt to the Royal Navy on 25 May at noon. After two hours stalking the battleship HMS Triumph near Gaba Nepe, which was engaged in bombarding Turkish shore positions, a single torpedo passed through the ship's anti-submarine nets and ripped a hole in her side. The ship capsized before going under. Hersing again escaped, this time by diving under the capsized wreck before it sank.

Two days later U21 sank another battleship, HMS Majestic, off Cape Helles. Another single torpedo after hours of patiently waiting for the correct moment to strike and the battleship went down in 150 feet of water. This time Hersing suffered some retaliation, Air Commodore

Swanson circling above in his flimsy aircraft spotted the U-boat and dropped several hand held bombs before U21 escaped by diving under the French battleship Henry IV and making for the Dardanelle's. Swanson again detected the U21 later in the day when Hersing had surfaced, but the British aircraft had no more bombs left to throw.

Hersing only made one more sortie from Constantinople, emerging to sink the French transport Carthage on July 4th, before proceeding to the Adriatic after finding his return route to Turkey blocked. Once in the Adriatic, U21 was transferred to the Deutsche U-Flotilla Pola, based at Cattaro. Later Hersing returned to the North Sea, joining the IIU-Flotille, High Seas Fleet, on March 4, 1917."

U21 survived the war and was due to be handed over to the Royal Navy, sailing from Kiel to Harwich after the Armistice had been signed. While under escort, Hersing ordered the boat's valves opened and despite British attempts to prevent it's sinking, U21 was successfully scuttled in the North Sea. During her career she had sunk 36 ships for 78,712 tons.

The U21 is mainly remembered as the first submarine to sink an enemy ship and survive. The first submarine to sink an enemy ship, of course, was the CSS Hunley, also discovered by Clive Cussler and NUMA.

The U21 was ordered in 1911 and commissioned in 1913. She was built by Kaiserliche werft at the Imperial shipyard in Danzig. Her displacement was 650 tons surfaced; 837 tons submerged. The boat's length was 210.476 feet and her beam was 20.01 feet. Compare that to the Hunley which was less than 40 feet long and less than five feet across. In 47 years, submarine design had come a long way but as more is learned from the Hunley, one is amazed at her modern design. For more information on the Hunley please go to www.hunley.org.